Arabic Transliteration Key
Arabic terms and names are transliterated according to the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES).
Consonants
| Arabic | Latin | Arabic | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|
| ء | ʾ | ض | ḍ |
| ب | b | ط | ṭ |
| ت | t | ظ | ẓ |
| ث | th | ع | ʿ |
| ج | j | غ | gh |
| ح | ḥ | ف | f |
| خ | kh | ق | q |
| د | d | ك | k |
| ذ | dh | ل | l |
| ر | r | م | m |
| ز | z | ن | n |
| س | s | ه | h |
| ش | sh | و | w |
| ص | ṣ | ي | y |
| ة | a* |
* Tāʾ marbūṭah (ة) is written a, or at when a noun follows it (sūrat al-Baqarah).
Vowels
| Long | Short | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | ā | ـَ | a (fatḥah) |
| و | ū | ـُ | u (ḍammah) |
| ي | ī | ـِ | i (kasrah) |
Diphthongs
| Arabic | Latin |
|---|---|
| ـَوْ | aw |
| ـَيْ | ay |
The definite article is written al- (as in al-Mīzān), and the hamza is not shown at the start of a word.